Oneness Pentecostalism In Global Perspective Talmadge L. French The humble revival that began at Azusa Street has proliferated into the world's largest and fastest growing religious phenomenon since Pentecost. But even with the explosive growth and popular acceptance of Pentecostalism, documentation of the fascinating and concurrent development of Oneness Pentecostalism within the broader movement has often been neglected. Recent research and academic interest in the movement are beginning to contribute to a realization of the actual extent of the Jesus' Name movement throughout the world. The nature of much of the early research on Pentecostalism gave the impression that Oneness Pentecostalism was essentially a 'fringe element', almost an aberration that was not to be taken seriously. From the very early days of the twentieth century, the Oneness position presented a perplexing doctrinal dilemma within Pentecostal circles, just as the young movement was emerging, and the Oneness-Trinitarian issue erupted into enormous controversy. Initial 'reactions' against the Oneness movement set the tone for subsequent interaction. The derogatory term 'Jesus Only' was crafted to caricature the rapidly growing Oneness segment of Pentecostalism as heretical and as an effort to stop the perceived threat it posed. Isolated from the Trinitarian mainstream, often disregarded as doctrinally inconsequential, at times vehemently opposed, misrepresented and misunderstood, Oneness Pentecostalism has nevertheless continued its momentum and has developed into an important movement in its own right. Growing academic interests in the movement, along with historical hindsight, are helping attitudes toward Oneness groups to change. Studies, such as this preliminary thesis research and a number of professional articles by Oneness proponents, are getting a different reception than they would have in years past. This is evidenced in the decision to finally include Oneness Pentecostals in the Society For Pentecostal Studies. An increasing number of Trinitarian scholars are rejecting classical Trinitarianism in favor of Oneness/modalism. Influential theologian Karl Barth rejected traditional Trinitarian terminology in favor of modal terms, leading critics to impassionately label him a modalist. An understanding of the Oneness theological distinctives and their implications has improved, including aspects of doctrine, historical origins, praxis, adherents and details of its size and growth. Unfortunately, there are also those who either persist in efforts to diminish any acceptance of the movement as legitimate or continue to ignore it. It is interesting, for example, that Vinson Synan, notable Pentecostal/Charismatic leader and author, fails to include a single Oneness group when listing comparative growth figures for 'major American Pentecostal denominations'. Some anti-cult activists have occasionally attempted to disparage the Oneness Pentecostal groups in a manner reminiscent of the acrimony common in early attacks, replete with the typical distortions and misinformation. The purpose of this research has been to document certain aspects of the global expansion and remarkable growth of the modern Oneness movement. Attempted estimates usually indicate that there are not more than a total of 500,000 to 600,000 Oneness Pentecostals in the United States which pales in comparison with estimates of other Pentecostal/Charismatics. But such figures are simply inaccurate and unrealistic. The same is true for Oneness Pentecostals worldwide. The substantial size and continued growth of the movement in such areas of the world as China and Taiwan, India, Japan and the Philippines and Indonesia, Africa (especially Ethiopia), and Mexico and Central and South America (especially Colombia), in addition to the movement in the United States, indicate a substantially greater number of global constituents. The Oneness position has had increasing appeal among church groups throughout world missions. It has not been uncommon for entire church organizations to summarily abandon Trinitarianism and embrace Jesus' Name, Oneness Pentecostalism. Impressive gains by the UPCI and several White, Black and Hispanic groups, both in terms of U.S. growth and foreign missions, and numerous autonomous Oneness groups in foreign countries, give indication of a movement of significant proportions and growing impact. Difficulties in Research of This Nature The research presented in this thesis study includes a total of 316 known groups comprising the Onenesss Pentecostal movement and represents the most comprehensive list to date. Compiling and collating information for such a vast and varied number of groups involves a wide range of primary and secondary sources, including histories, biographies, interviews, periodicals, and religious dictionaries, encyclopedias and academic research projects. Available Resources. There are a number of academic and specialized sources which list and discuss Oneness groups and Oneness Pentecostalism, but for the most part, comprehensive research of known Oneness groups has never been done. An analysis of the limited sources available, many of which contain dated statistics and incorrect listings, is summarized as follows: Piepkorn--32 U.S. (Canada); Howell--56 U.S. groups; Rider-7 U.S. groups; Richardson--32 U.S. Black groups; Sabbatarian Directory--10 U.S.(Canada) and 3 foreign based groups; Barrett--17 U.S. and 28 foreign based groups; Tinney--61 U.S. Black groups; Jacquet--6 U.S.; Shulman--5 U.S. groups; Burgess--16 U.S. and 3 foreign based groups; Kleinhans--6 U.S. groups; Spellman--8 U.S. groups; Melton-- 46 U.S. groups. Jones, relying heavily on information from the AWCF, includes data on 115 separate Oneness groups, 35 U.S. White groups, 57 U.S. Black groups and 23 foreign based groups. A list of Oneness groups by David Bernard, collated mostly from the above sources, totals 128 separate groups. Indeed, the most extensive list of Oneness Pentecostal groups is maintained by the AWCF. In 1990 there were 114 full member organizations (39 U.S. /75 foreign based) affiliated with and endorsed by the AWCF, and 253 other independent groups or ministries were also affiliated, but not large enough to qualify for full membership.17 Of these 253 ministries, 58 are organizations reporting between 3 and 11 churches each. The 114 AWCF full member organizations and 51 of the smaller groups (20 U.S. /31 foreign based) comprise 165 of the total 316 groups included in this research. Several other Oneness groups are being researched which are not listed in any other source. Of these, 18 are included in the 316 total, but 30 additional groups, needing further research, are excluded. Of these 30 groups, 16 are clearly Oneness: 4 U.S., 3 Brazil, 3 Nigeria and 1 Sweden, Saudia Arabia, Botswana and Bulgaria. It is evident that many other Oneness groups remain to be identified. The number of foreign based groups which have affiliated with the AWCF in the last decade is indication that there are probably a considerable number of groups which are not accounted for in current research. The University of Birmingham research by Gerloff in England is a case study verifying such a conclusion. Doctrinal Considerations. Oneness Pentecostalism includes those individuals and groups that baptize in Jesus' Name, hold to a Oneness view of the Godhead and are Pentecostal in theology. It is interesting to note that the most common terms for self-identification among Oneness Pentecostals are (1) Apostolic, (2) Lord, Jesus and/or Christ, and (3) Pentecostal. Groups that baptize in Jesus' Name, but hold to the Trinitarian view of three separate persons in the Godhead are not included. There are groups that are Oneness/modal in regard to Godhead beliefs, but, either does not baptize in Jesus' Name, or are not Pentecostal, and are therefore not included. It is also beyond the scope of this research to include Oneness churches, ministers and individuals actually in Trinitarian groups and churches. Other doctrinal issues to consider include divergent Christological views, lapses into Arianism or binitarianism, sacred name issues, as well as unique distinctives, such as Triunity terminology, sabbatarianism and Branhamism. Limitations to Research. Difficulties in research often stem from limited resources. Secondary sources often have very limited information, abound with inaccuracies and misidentify groups. Primary sources are difficult to acquire and are often non-existent. Some data is fluid in nature, such as information regarding mergers, schisms, name changes, and growth or decline. There is evidence of a large number of independent, non-affiliated Oneness churches and ministers for which data is difficult to obtain. Methods of reporting church membership statistics vary from group to group. Accurate figures are difficult to acquire. If membership statistics are reported, they may include only adult church members, or also children of adult members, or actual church attendants, or a broader constituency base. There is also the problem of dual licensing or affiliation, resulting in dual membership of ministers and churches. Varied foreign missions policies of Oneness groups determine whether foreign groups should be classified as missions extensions of a U.S. group, national churches, or totally autonomous churches. Such information and policies are not always clear for purposes of classifying and listing Oneness groups. Oneness Pentecostal Groups in the United States The total number of Oneness Pentecostal groups listed as U.S. based is 165: (1) the AWCF, (2) 48 white groups, (3) 108 black groups and (4) 8 Hispanic groups. Several of these groups carry on significant foreign missions programs, and, to the extent that this is documented, these groups are listed under U.S./Canadian Foreign Missions (page 8). It is also true that a few foreign based groups have mission works in the United States. These include the True Jesus Church and the Iglesia La Luz del Mundo . There are a number of factors to consider in making a determination as to the size of the Oneness movement based upon the list of groups and available research. The total AWCF affiliated organizations is 166 and membership statistics are reported to the AWCF and kept on file. The total reported constituency of the groups affiliated with the AWCF, including 114 full member groups, the 58 smaller groups and the affiliated independent churches, is 3,250,000. This is the estimate cited for the total of those groups. The estimates for the remaining 146 groups are based as much as possible on information regarding membership statistics available. The results are reported in the following categories: (1) White, (2) Black and (3) Hispanic groups based in the United States and (4) groups based in foreign countries. This material constitutes the most extensive compilation of Oneness Pentecostal church groups to date. Such research highlights the fact that, indeed, for the most part, the Oneness movement has been greatly underestimated. White Oneness Groups. The largest U.S. white groups are the UPCI (1,500,000), Assemblies of the Lord Jesus Christ (100,000), International Ministerial Association (82,000), Global Christian Ministries (30,000), International Apostolic Fellowship (20,000) and, possibly, the Apostolic Ministerial Alliance. Branhamites (100,000), mostly linked with the Christ Gospel Churches International, and David Terrell follower in the New Testament Holiness Church (5,000) are also based in the United States. The United Pentecostal Church International is the largest Oneness group in the world. U.S. statistics include over 500,000 constituents, 3438 churches and 7512 ministers. The largest concentration of churches is found in the South (28.65%) and Mid-South (16.80%), with 20.12% in the West, Northwest and Southwest, 20.30% in the Mid-West, 13.48% in the Northeast, New England and Southeast, .12% in Hawaii and .52% in Alaska. The UPCI is the 4th largest Pentecostal denomination in the U.S., and has experienced steady growth throughout the world, with 332 resident missionaries in 81 nations, as well as Southeast Asia, the Middle East and U.S. Military districts. The UPCI of Canada (25,000) now has 184 churches. Over 10,000 churches, 7,000 national ministers and 1,000,000 constituents comprise the UPCI world missions, with 11 national churches, and a presence in 124 nations of the world. The current missions growth rate is 73,000 annually, based upon 320% growth over the past decade. White Oneness Groups (48): Ap Alliance Ch of the Lord JC Inc, Ap Alliance Inc, The Ap Brethren Inc, Ap Ch, Ap Ch of JC 7th Day, Ap Ch of the Lord JC, Ap Ch's Intl, Ap Ch's of JC Inc, Ap Evangelistic Assoc, Ap Faith Ch, Ap Gospel Ch of JC, Ap Ministerial Alliance, Ap Pent Ch of JC, Assem's of the Lord JC, Associated Brotherhood of Christians, Assoc of 7th Day Pent Assem's Inc, Bethel Ministerial Assoc, Bethel Temple, Bethesda Missionary Temple, Capstone Cathedral, Christ Gospel Ch's Intl, Christian Growth Center, The Ch of God Ap, Ch of God-7th Day (Salem), The Ch of JC (Ap), The Ch of the Ap Faith Inc, Ch of the Little Children, Community Chapel, Faith Farms, First Ap Ch Inc, Full Salvation Union, Gen Council of the Ch's of God 7th Day, Global Christian Ministries, Gospel Temple, Intl Ap Fellowship, Intl Ministerial Assoc Inc, Light of the World Gospel Fellowship Inc, Missionary Body of JC, Natl Ministerial Alliance Inc, NT Holiness Ch, Pent Assem's of JC Inc, Pent Ch of Zion Inc, 7th Day Ch of God (Spokane), The United Ap Ch of JC Inc, UPCI, Unnamed Fellowship, Yahvah Temple, Yasu Ministry. Black Oneness Groups. There are an impressive number of large and growing Black Apostolic groups in the U.S., the PAW being the largest. The Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (500,000), once lead by prominent minister G.T. Haywood, has been called the 'mother to the black movement'. There are 1169 churches in 44 states and DC, and 4,089 ministers. The largest concentration of churches is found in CA (117), MI (72), TX (69), MO (68), IL (64), IN (64), NY (56) and GA (50), with at least 40 churches in St. Louis-East St. Louis, 24 in Chicago and 14 in Indianapolis. There are also PAW mission works in over 15 countries of the world. Some of the largest Black Apostolic groups include the Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ of The Apostolic Faith (300,000), Bible Way Churches Worldwide (250,000), United Church of Jesus Christ (Apostolic) (100,000), The Way of the Cross Church of Christ-Intl (50,000), Pentecostal Churches of the Apostolic Faith Association Inc (50,000), Church of Jesus Christ (45,000), Church of The Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith and The Apostolic Assembly of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. Black Oneness Groups (108): Apostle Church of Christ in God, Ap Assem's in JC, Ap Assem's of Christ Inc, The Ap Assem of Our Lord & Saviour JC, Ap Ch of Christ, Ap Ch of God Inc, Ap Ch of JC (Lancaster OH), Ap Ch's of the Lord JC Inc, Ap Deliverance Ch of J Inc, Ap Deliverance Temple Ch of JC, Ap Faith Mission Ch of God, Ap Faith Temple, Ap Ministers Conf of Phil & Vicinity, Ap Overcoming Holy Ch of God, Bethel Ap Ch of the Pent Movement Assoc, Bethesda Community Ch's Inc, Bible Way Ch's Worldwide Inc, Bible Way Pent Apostle Ch, Christ Temple Inc, Christian Mission Ap Ch's, Ch of Christ (Holiness Unto the Lord), Ch of God Ap, Ch of God in Christ (Ap), Ch of God of the Ap Faith Assoc, Ch of God Pent Ch's of the World, Ch of JC, Ch of JC Inc (Bloomington, IN), Ch of JC Inc (Little Hocking, OH), Ch of JC Ministerial Alliance, Ch of JC of Georgia, Ch of Our Lord JC of the Ap Faith, Oh of the Living God-the Pillar and Ground of the Truth, Ch of The Lord JC of the Ap Faith, Ch's in the Lord JC of the Ap Faith, Emmanuel Pent Ch's of Our Lord-Ap Faith, Emmanuel Pent Ch's of the Ap Faith, Emmanuel Tab Bapt Ch (Ap), Evangelistic Ch's of C, Faith Tab Corp of Ch's, First Ch of J-Ap Faith, First Ch of JC, First Glorious Temple Ap Inc, Free Gospel Ch of C Inc, Freedom Chapel Ch of C Inc, The Glorious Ch of God in C Ap, God's House of Prayer For All Nations, The Greater Emmanuel Ap Faith Tab Inc, The Greater Works Ch of JC Inc, Higher Ground Assem's, Highway Christian Ch of C, Highway Ch of C Assoc, Highway Ch of J of the Ap Faith, Highway Temple of the Ap Faith, Highway to Heaven, Holiness Ch of JC, Holy Bethel Pent Ch of the Ap Faith Inc, The Holy Temple Ch of C, Holy Temple Ch of the Lord JC of the Ap Faith, King's Apostle Holiness Ch, Leading Commandment Ch's, Light & Life Ap Ch, Lighthouse Mission Ap Inc, Lively Stone Ch's of God of the Ap Faith, Living Witness of the Ap Faith Inc, Messiah Tab Ch in America, Ministerial Assoc of the Pent Faith Inc, Mt Carmel Holy Ch of the Lord J, Mt Hebron Ap Temple of Our Lord JC of the Ap Faith, Natl Ap Faith Ch Inc, New Ap Assoc of Baltimore MD, New Bethel Ch of God in C (Pent), New Born Ch of God and True Holiness, New Jerusalem Ap Ch (Cincinnati), New Jerusalem Ap Ch (Indianapolis), NT Pent Ch, Orig Ap Assem of Our Lord & Saviour JC, Orig Ap Assem of Our Lord & Saviour JC Founded AD 31, The Orig Glorious Ch's of God in C Ap Faith, Pent Assem's of the Ap Faith Inc, PAW, Pent Assem of Ch's of JC Inc, Pent Ch of C, The Pent Ch of God, Pent Ch's of the Ap Faith Assoc, Pent Ch's of the Ap Faith Intl Assoc, Pent Followers of J, Philadelphia Pent Ch of the Firstborn, Powerhouse of Deliverance Ch, Primitive Ch of JC, Redeemed Assem of JC Ap Assoc, Rehoboth Ch's of God in CJ (Ap), Revival Way House of Prayer of JC Inc, 7th Day Pent Ch of the Living God, Shiloh Ap Temple Ch's, True Ch of J, True Vine Pent Ch's of Jesus Inc (Ap Faith), United Ch of JC, United Ch of JC (Ap), United Ch of the Lord JC of the Ap Faith, United Ch's of J (Ap), United Way of the Cross Ch of C of the Ap Faith, Universal Ch of C, Universal Ch of JC, Unveiling & Unfolding of the Truth Ministries Inc, Victory Pent Ch's of the Ap Faith, The Way of the Cross Ch of C Intl, Whole Truth Ch of the Lord JC, Zion Assem Ch's. Hispanic Oneness Groups. Most of the Hispanic groups in the U.S. either have churches in both Mexico and the U.S. or have a 'sister' counterpart in Mexico. The oldest and largest Hispanic group in the U.S. is the Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus (Asemblea Apostolica de la Fe en Cristo Jesus) (75,000), American counterpart to the Iglesia Apostolica de la Fe en Cristo Jesus (Apostolic Church of the Faith in Christ Jesus) in Mexico (200,000). Hispanic Oneness Groups (8): Ap Assem of the Faith in CJ (Asemblea Apostolica de la Fe en Cristo Jesus), Ap Ch in CJ, Ap Ch of J, Ap Ch's of JC Intl of the Americas, Centro de Avivamiento Pent Inc, Fraternidad Cristiana InternacionalU.S.A, Iglesia de Dios Avivamiento Pent, Iglesia Pent Unida Hispana of Houston Inc. Oneness Pentecostal Groups Outside The U.S. The study of Oneness Pentecostalism in the various regions and countries of the world is certainly the most challenging aspect of this research. In many cases information concerning the size and locale of missions’ activities conducted by Oneness groups has simply not been adequately researched and collated. Many indigenous Oneness groups exist throughout the world, and, though many may be quite small, several have achieved amazing success. Yet data regarding such groups is extremely limited. In all probability many other indigenous Oneness churches exist which are yet to even be discovered. U.S./Canadian Foreign Missions. The actual extent of missions’ involvement for most of the Oneness groups remains to be documented, but some of the available information is listed in the following categories. U.S. White Oneness Groups: Assem's of the Lord JC--Colombia, Uruguay, Philippines, Taiwan, New Zealand, Australia (40,000) Assoc of 7th Day Pent Assem's Inc--Ghana, Nigeria Bethel Temple--Indonesia, Japan Gen Council of the Ch's of God 7th Day--Canada, W. Indies, Africa, Philippines Intl Ap Fellowship--Mexico, W. Indies, Argentina, Brazil, Africa, Austria, Hong Kong, India (56 ministers), Korea, Philippines(74) Intl Ministerial Assoc--Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Panama, Haiti, Jamaica (86 ministers),Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria (66),S. Africa, Togo, Zimbabwe, England, Germany, Israel, India, Japan, Philippines(200),Australia United Pent Ch Intl—Canada (25,000), Mexico Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador(30,000),Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Panama, Suriname (rapid growth) Caribbean: Bahamas, Haiti, Jamaica (nat1), Leeward Is, Netherland Antilles, Puerto Rico, Tobago, Trinidad, Windward Is South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela Africa: Benin, Bophuthatswana, Botswana, Cameroon, Ethiopia (fastest growing UPCI mission,2-300,000),Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, S. Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Africa is the largest UPCI mission region-45.59%) Europe/Middle East: Austria, Belgium, British Isles (nat1),E. Europe, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Middle East, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom Asia/Pacific: China, Hong Kong, Burma (natl),India(2 natl ch's-100,000), Indonesia (nat1), Japan (nat1), Korea, Pakistan, South Asia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand (natl) Australia (natl), Fiji, Guam, Indonesia (natl), Malaysia, Micronesia, New Zealand (nat1),Papua New Guinea, Philippines (100,000), Singapore Canadian White Oneness Groups: Ap Ch of Pent of Canada--Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Brazil, Ivory Coast, Malawi, S. Africa, Zimbabwe, Upper Volta, Ireland, Israel, India, Taiwan, Japan Christian Ministers Assoc--Mexico, Upper Volta, South India, Japan U.S. Black Oneness Groups: Ap Overcoming Holy Ch of God--W. Indies, Haiti, Africa Bible Way Ch's Worldwide--Jamaica, W. Indies, Trinidad, Liberia, Nigeria, Tobago, England Ch of JC--Mexico, Jamaica, Africa, England, India Ch of JC Ministerial Alliance--Jamaica, Bahamas, England, Australia Ch of Our Lord JC of the AF--Antigua, Jamaica, Trinidad, Virgin Is, Africa, Germany, United Kingdom, Philippines Ch of The Lord JC of the AF--Bahamas, Haiti, Jamaica, Honduras, Liberia, England, Portugal, Jordan, Maldives Holy Temple Ch of the Lord JC of the AF—Africa Original Glorious Ch of God in Christ--Haiti, Jamaica, India Pent Assem's of the World--Canada, Bahamas, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Germany, United Kingdom, Egypt, Hong Kong, India Shiloh Ap Temple Ch's--Trinidad, England United Ch of JC (Ap)--Mexico, Latin America, Jamaica, Trinidad, W. Indies, Europe (50,000) Way of the Cross Ch of Christ Inc--Ghana, Liberia Regional List of Oneness Pentecostal Groups Canada (6). The Canadian groups include: the Apostolic Church (Plaster Rock NB), Ap Ch of Pent of Canada, Apostolic Missionary Fellowship, Christian Ministers Assoc, Ch of God in JC the Head and the West Indian Canadian Intl Apostolic Fellowship. The largest is the Apostolic Church of Pentecost of Canada (50,000) with missions activities in over 15 countries (20,000). Mexico (7). Groups in Mexico include: the Fraternidad Cristiana Internacional de Mexico, Iglesia El Buen Pastor, Iglesia Evangelica Cristiana Espiritual, Iglesia La Luz del Mundo, La Iglesia Apostolica de la Fe en Cristo Jesus and the Mexican Church of the Gospel of Christ. The La Luz del Mundo reportedly has 600,000 members in Mexico and in most of the countries of Central and South America. The Iglesia Apos tolica now has over 1500 churches and preaching points with about 200,000 constituents. It is also engaged in mission work throughout Central and South America, Italy, Spain and Pakistan. The U.S. based Ap Ch's of JC of the Americas also has a large constituency in Mexico. Central America Nicaragua (2)--Iglesia Universal Cristiana, La Iglesia Apostolica Nicaragua (rapid growth) Caribbean Cuba (1); Iglesia Apostolica de Jesucristo Haiti (7): Armee Du-Christ, Christians Independent Ch of God of Early Christians, Ch of God-Kenscoff, Compassion Orphanage, Deliverance Evangelistic Ch of Ap Faith Inc, Interdenominational Gospel Ch, Natl Ministerial Alliance Jamaica (5): The Ch of JC of Jamaica Inc, Faith Temple Pent Assem's, Jamaica Pent Union (Ap), Mt Zion Ap Ch, Pent Assem's of Jamaica Also: (Ap Ch of God in Christ ) Trinidad (1): West Indies Inland Missions South America Argentina (2): Assem's of the Lord JC of the Ap Faith, Asamleas del Senor Jesucristo de Argentina Brazil (3): Igreja Evangelica Apostolica do Brazil, Igreja Unicista, Independent National Church of Brazil Chile (1): Voice in the Desert (70,000) Colombia (2): Iglesia Apostolica de Jesucristo, Iglesia Pent Unida de Colombia (100,000) Europe/Middle East/Russia England (11): Anglo-West Indian Assem, Ap Ch of God, Ap Ch of God in Christ, Ap Ch of JC, Bible Way Pent Ch, Ch of the Living God, First United Ch of JC (Ap) (11,000), International Ministerial Council of Great Britian, Jamaica West Indies Hackney Pent Ap Ch, Mt Zion Pent Ap Ch, Shiloh United Ch of Christ Ap Worldwide Ireland (1): The Ch's of God in Ireland Norway (1): The Nardus Church Spain (1): Federacion de Iglesias Apostolica Pentecostales de Espana Switzerland (1): Ch of the Living Saviour Eastern Europe (1): Ap Ministries International Yugoslavia (1): Kristova Duhovna Crkva 'Nogoprani' (Ch of the Spirit-Footwashing) (8,000) Russia (1): Evangelical Christians in the Spirit of the Apostles (27,000) Middle East (1): Ap Faith M. East Gospel Outreach Israel (1): Mt of Olives Intl Bible Center Africa Ghana (19): African Faith Tab Ch (57,000), African Outreach Inc, Christ Ambassadors Ch of Ghana, Christ Temple Ch, Christ the Intercessors Ch of Ghana, Christian Faith Ch, The Ch of Christ (SM), Emmanuel Christian Ch, Free Gospel Ch's Inc, Gospel Faith Mission (Ghana) Inc, Gospel Intl Inc, Intl Repentance & Evangelical Ministry, Natl Reformation Ch of God, Natl Representative in Ghana PAW, New Testament Assembly, Power Incarnation Ch, Rescue Evangelistic Mission, Salvation Revival Ch, Spirit & Truth Church Ivory Coast (1): Evangelistic Tab Of Jesus Kenya (1): Ap Fellowship Assoc Liberia (1): Ch of God-Liberia Nigeria (30): The Ap Assem's of Our Lord & Saviour JC, Ap Temple Ch of Nigeria, The Christian Fellowship of Nigeria Inc, Christian Love Ap Ch, Ch of God Ministry, The Ch of JC Mission, Divine Pent Assem's, Full Gospel Bible Ch Ap, Grace Bible Ch, The Holy Ch of Pentecost, Intl Pent Ministers Fellowship, Mt Zion Full Gospel Ch (Ap Faith), Mt Zion Gospel Ch, Natl Faith Mission-Radio, TV Ministries-World Outreach, NT Ap Movement, Pent Assem of the World of Nigeria, Pent Ch's of Believers, Prison Fellowship Intl, Rapture Trust Ministries Intl, Redeemed Assem of JC-Ap-Nigeria, The Redeemed Evangelical Mission, Revitalized Ap Ch Inc, Siloam Temple of Grace Mission, Temple Baptist Mission, True Assem's of God Ch of Nigeria, The True Zion Ch of Nigeria, Truth and Life Ch Intl Inc, United Christ Ch of Nigeria, Voice of the Lord Mission, Youth For Christ Fellowship South Africa (3): Christ Gospel Church, Gemeete van Cristus (25,000), Reformed Christian Church (200,000) Togo (1): Eglise de Pentecoste Zaire (1): Eglise-Pentecoste de Zaire Zambia (1): Pent Ch of Zambia Asia/Pacific China (1): True Jesus Church (Chen Ye-Su Chiao Hui) The TJC had 125,000 members in 1949.42 Details concerning religious activity in China is extremely difficult to obtain, but a phenomenal Pentecostal revival is evidently in progress. The TJC was one of the largest of the independent churches in China at the time of the communist take over in 1949 and continues to grow rapidly (300,000-500,000) .44 The TJC is one of the largest and fastest growing churches in Taiwan. Headquartered in Taiwan the TJC has missions in Brumei, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, United Kingdom and the United States (25,000). India (4): Ap Pent Ch-India, Assem's of Christ Ch, Compassion of Agape Grace Apostolic Ministries (Trinitarian group rebaptized in 1991-5,000), Independent Full Gospel Ch's Indonesia (1): Geredja Pentekosta di Indonesia (Tri-Unity Group-1,000,000) Japan (4): Far East Ap Mission, Nippon Pentekosute Kyodan (Japan Gospel Pent Ch), Nippon Shilo Kyodan (Japan Ap Mission), Iesu no Mitama Kyokai (Spirit of Jesus Church) The SJC reports 420,000 members and by 1958 was the 'third largest Protestant denomination in Japan'. (200,000-400,000) Philippines (26): Acts of the Ap Ministry Inc, Ap Christian Movement, Ap Ch of God, Ap Ch of the Living God, Ap Independent Missions (200 ch's), Assem's of the Lord JC, Christ-Life Fellowship Minstry Inc (Full Gospel), Christian Fellowship Center, the Church of JC (Ap Faith) Inc, Ch of the Lord JC, Emmanuel New Life Tab, Endtime Revival Ap Pent Ch, Full Gospel Revival Mission Ch's, Harmonies Ministries Inc, JC for the Nations, Law and Liberty Ministries, Lord Jesus Christ Fellowship, M.A.S.D. Love Mission, Mindano Christian Movement, Pent Bible Way Ch, Philippine Bible Ap Holiness Ch Inc, Philippine Ministerial Assoc, Philippines Ap Christian Fellowship, Sons & Daughters of the Lord Almight Fellowship-Ch of God, Temple of the Living God-Christian Ministries, Worldwide Pent Ch of Christ Australia (1): Australian Christian Fellowship Determining the Size of the Movement In conclusion, the data suggests a movement of sizeable proportions, and an attempt to determine approximate size is appropriate. Barrett suggested in the World Christian Encyclopedia a total of 4, 205, 42848 based upon totals from the 1970's and a total list of only 17 U.S. and 28 foreign based groups. Estimates of size based upon an expanded list of 316 minimum Oneness groups, reported statistics, recent research data, including growth and decline factors and missions reports, would necessarily be larger than earlier attempts. In fact, preliminary totals based upon current information and conservative estimates are as follows: 316 Total Oneness Pentecostal Groups 166 Apostolic World Christian Fellowship 3,250,000 150 Other Oneness Groups U.S. White 53,200 (33) 235,000 (4) GCM CGCI NTHC ALJC 1,500,000 (1) UPCI 48 total 1,788,200 U.S. Black 160,150 (21) 50 300,000 (1) 277,000 (38) 61 total 737,150 U.S. Hispanic 75,500 (2) AAFCJ ACJ 2 total 75,500 Foreign 372,200 (38) 51 200,000 (1) IAFCJ 30,000 (1) c en/S. Am/ Nic 600,000 (1) LLdMundo 300,000 (1) TJC-China 65,000 -Taiwan 25,000 -Missions 200,000 (1) SJC-Japan 1,000,000 (1) PC Indonesia 200,000 (1) RCC-S. Africa 45 total 3,192,200 9,043,050 Some suggested in the early days of the Pentecostal outpouring that the Oneness movement would 'blow over' and it appears that they were correct. Indeed, it blew all over the world. Oneness advocates fully anticipated that the 'winds' of Pentecost would empower them to evangelize the world--'that repentance and remission of sins should be preached in His Name'. This was evidenced by the tremendous zeal for missions and outreach, characteristic of the early leaders of the movement, which burned 'like a fire' in their souls and ignited their world--'There shall be light in the Evening Time'. With the 20th century drawing to a close, it remains to be seen what kind of future impact and contribution the modern Oneness movement will have in 'their' own generation--the 21st century. Certainly the movement today should be challenged by its own heritage and inspired by the endowment of 'old-time power' so characteristic of the early movement. 'What hath God wrought!' remains an appropriate exclamation of Oneness Pentecostals as they consider the continuation of the Spirit's outpouring--'in all the world'. Preach in Jesus' Name, Teach in Jesus' Name, Heal the sick in His Name. And always proclaim, it was Jesus' Name In which the power came. Baptize in His Name, enduring the shame, For there is victory in Jesus' Name. G. T. Haywood This article is copyrighted and may be used for study and research purposes only